This reflector also has an important effect on reactor dynamics because of its very long diffusion length. B chapter name about the center on global energy policy the center on global energy policy provides independent, balanced, datadriven analysis to help. Candu energy offers support services for existing sites and is completing formerly stalled installations in romania and argentina through a partnership with china national nuclear corporation. Nuclear reactor types many different reactor systems have been proposed and some of these have been developed to prototype and commercial scale. The code is used in reactor safety analyses to quantify preaccident conditions of fuel elements such as fission gas release, stored thermal energy and fuel deformation. This chapter discusses the historical beginnings and evolution of the candu reactor. Chaplin encyclopedia of life support systems eolss pressurized heavy water reactors r. Depending on how much the pdf is damaged we will be able to recover it partially or completely. The heavy water is kept under pressure in order to raise its boiling point, allowing it to be heated to higher temperatures and thereby carry more heat out of the reactor core. Dormuth aecl, sheridan park, mississauga ontario, canada abstract candu reactor operators have benefited from several advantages of the candu system and from aecls experience, with regard to spent fuel handling, storage and disposal. The indian advanced heavy water reactor ahwr brookhaven. Convert html to pdf, html to pdf converter pdfreactor. The major advantage of this reactor is that the fuel need not be enriched. To these features may be added a fourth, onpower refuelling.
Chaplin department of chemical engineering, university of new brunswick, canada keywords. Introduction to reactor physics candu owners group. Nuclear reactors are used as research tools, as systems for producing radioactive isotope s, and most prominently as energy sources for nuclear power plants. The history and current state of canadas candu nuclear reactor. The candu canada deuterium uranium is a canadian pressurized heavywater reactor. Energy of canada limited aecl in collaboration with. Six types of reactor magnox, agr, pwr, bwr, candu and rbmk have emerged as the designs used to produce commercial electricity around the world. Risks of the candu reactor design introduction the candu canada deuterium uranium reactor is a pressurized heavy water reactor of canadian design. Candu stands for canadian deuterium uranium reactor playing on the north american boast of capability, can do.
Nuclear fission and types of water in steam separators positioned above the core, nuclear reactor like all other thermal power plants, nuclear reactors work by generating heat, which boils water to produce steam to drive the turbogenerators. Week 2 dynamic characteristics of candu reactors 510 h. The history and current state of canadas candu nuclear reactor chelsea liekhusschmaltz february 26, 20 submitted as coursework for ph241, stanford university, winter 20. The heavy water reactor produces more fissile plutonium then the light water reactor. The objective is to familiarize you with the basic concepts and ideas, definitions and quantities which are important in the understanding of reactor physics. The history and current state of canadas candu nuclear. The candu canada deuterium uranium reactor is a pressurized heavy water reactor phwr designed and built by canadian nuclear laboratories since the 1950s. Introduction this is a descriptive course on the physics of candu reactors.
Repair pdf file upload a corrupt pdf and we will try to fix it. Excess flow check valves and solenoid operated valves. Pdfreactor is the perfect printing component to convert html to pdf files in a highquality way. These were invented and developed in canada in the 1960s, when canada decided that they did not want to build enrichment plants. The candu plant candu canadian deuteriumuranium cooled and moderated by heavy water natural uranium fuel d less effective moderator than h ilarger separation between fuel bundles than in a lwr idesigners chose to have individually cooled channels about one bundle thick with heavy water moderator surrounding the channel. Candu reactors are pressurized heavy water power reactors. Candu reactor the candu short for canada deuterium uranium reactor is a canadiandeveloped, pressurized heavy water reactor used for generating. Cnl is the designer and developer of the canadian deuterium uranium candu reactor. The ahwrs are essentially derivatives of the advanced candu reactor, with the fuel oriented. The reactor vessel may be built to withstand low pressure, therefore, the cost of the vessel is less. Candu reactors, their regulation in canada, and the. Canadas first nuclear power reactor, called nuclear power demonstration, with a net capacity of 22 electrical megawatts, was started up in 1962. Dry storage costs for spent fuel from a candu reactor design have been compared to those for a typical pressurized light water reactor both normalized to a gross power of mwe 3.
This distinguishes it from comparable textbooks based on pwr reactors. Risks associated with candu reactors joint project. Snclavalins nuclear team provides leading nuclear technology. The essential candu a textbook on the candu nuclear power plant technology. The results indicated that the dry storage costs for the candu system were about 30% lower than the lwr system. To investigate the corrosion process of some structural materials from primary heat transfer system phts zr and ni alloys of candu 6 reactor were perfomed the following activities. Candu nuclear power stations have consistently proven to be competitive with other types of nuclear power plants, while offering unique advantages to their operators. The product is a textbook about nuclear science and engineering pertaining to candu reactors using candu as the reference design.
This candu textbook is suitable for students, educators, trainers and working professionals at a target level of senior undergraduate year university engineering and science. Schematic diagram of the pressurised heavy water cooled version of a candu canada deuteriumuranium nuclear reactor. Advanced candu reactor acr700 builds on candu 6 design, project and operational experience retained traditional candu features. December 31, 1969 every nuclear reactor is a disaster waiting to happen and candu reactors are no exception. No need for special borated casks it has few 7 different components. In addition to 22 candu reactors in canada, there are also two in india, one in. Candus have a number of serious technical, and safety problems, as well as the unique environmental problem of tritium emissions. The candu is a pressurized heavy water reactor phwr using heavy water deuterium as both a moderator and coolant. Atomic energy of canada limited aecl developed the candu reactor technology starting in the 1950s.
Candu reactor article about candu reactor by the free. Jan 22, 2016 candu reactor the candu short for canada deuterium uranium reactor is a canadiandeveloped, pressurized heavy water reactor used for generating electric power. Nuclear power plant systems and operation candu owners group. A pressurised heavy water reactor is a nuclear power reactor that uses unenriched natural uranium as nuclear fuel and heavy water as moderator and as primary coolant. All nuclear power plants in canada are powered by candu reactors. It enables those new to candu to learn about candu as an overall system and to pursue specialized topics in depth. The development of the first candu reactor began in 1954 through a partnership between atomic energy of canada ltd. The advanced fuel candu reactor afcr is a generation iii advanced fuelefficient 740 mweclass pressurized heavy water reactor developed by candu energy, a member of the snclavalin group and china national nuclear corporation.
Candu canada deuteriumuranium key candu characteristics pressure tubes containing fuel bundles located in cylindrical, low pressure moderator tank or calandria heavy water moderated natural uranium candus are heavy water cooled advanced candu reactor acr is light water cooled 43 units based on the candu. Candu 6 reactors have systems to identify and locate defective fuel. Candu fundamentals ii 3 radioactivity spontaneous nuclear processes 19. It is a type of nuclear reactor that uses natural uranium as fuel,pressurised heavy water as coolant,unpressurised heavy water as moderator and uses pressurized tubes to contain the fuel and circulating coolant. Based on over 60 years of proven operational excellence of the candu reactor fleet and experience. Aug 21, 2016 the candu reactor is a canadiandeveloped, pressurized heavy water reactor used for generating electric power. The consultative documents are issued for trial use and public input prior to. For quickly archiving a web page these html file converters will serve you with the basic functions either from html or an url. Candu canada deutrium uranium it is a canadianinvented,heavy water reactor. Canducanada deutrium uranium it is a canadianinvented,heavy water reactor. Candu, short for canada deuterium uranium, is a nuclear reactor that uses heavy water as a moderator and coolant and natural uranium as a fuel source. Canada deuterium uranium candu reactors use heavy water as a coolant instead of regular old light water.
Heavy water versus light water in ontario nuclear war. The candu reactor was designed by atomic energy canada limited as an alternative to other reactor designs which use slightly enriched uranium 25% u235. Its functions go way beyond online tools that save html pages as pdf. Influence of the coolant chemistry on the structural. These were invented and developed in canada in the 1960s, when canada decided that they did not want to build enrichment plants or large pressure vessel manufacturing capabilities. The essential candu is brought to you by unene with administrative and sponsorship support from cog. Canada has exported candu reactors to argentina, china, india, pakistan, romania, and south korea. This reactor has a unique design using natural or lightly enriched uranium as the fuel and heavy water instead of light water as a moderator. Allan aecl, chalk river laboratories, chalk river k. A candu reactor requires, in total, between 460 and 592 metric tonnes 1 tonne kg of heavy water, a little more than half of this in the moderator and the rest in the pressurized coolant for example, a candu 6 reactor uses 265 metric tonnes in its moderator and 192 metric tonnes in its coolant. Modular horizontal fuel channel fuel bundle design low temperature, low pressure heavy water moderator onpower fueling passive shutdown systems in low pressure moderator. Advanced technology and design for heavywater reactors iaea.
Candu has always had a lot of heavy water in the calandria. However, aecl is now marketing its next generation design, the advanced candu reactor acr, which also. Nuclear power products and services nuclear cwnuclear. The fission heat produced in the fuel is transferred to heavy water coolant flowing through the fuel channels. Advantages and disadvantages of hwr or candu type reactor. Snc lavalin, the successor to aecl, is pursuing new candu 6 reactor sales in argentina atucha 3, as well as china and britain. Candu reactors are now in seven countries and provide approximately 15% of canadas electricity. Many folks are concerned that plutonium is a direct bomb making isotope whereas uranium must be enriched to almost 90% u235, which is a much more complex process. The acronym refers to its deuteriumoxide moderator and.
Canadian utilities are no longer building candu reactors because of their high cost and poor performance. They have some substantially different safety responses and safety systems than the lwrs that the commercial power reactor licensing regulations of the us nuclear. The candu reactor is a canadiandeveloped, pressurized heavy water reactor used for generating electric power. Figure 11 illustrates how candu reactors produce electricity. Candu is a pressurized heavy water reactor phwr that uses heavy water deuterium oxide d2o as a moderator and coolant, and natural uranium as its fuel.
Candu fuel is much cheaper than light water reactor ffuel uel candu fuelmanufacturing capability can readily be developed by even small ccountries ountries which purchase candu reactors. All canadian nuclear reactors are of the candu type but the. The candu reactor system has proven itself to be a world leader in terms of station availability. It was found that the reactor parameters were altered by a negligible.
The basic parts of a nuclear reactor are the core, a moderator, control rods, a coolant, and shielding. The acronym refers to its deuteriumoxide moderator and its use of uranium fuel. Reasons for the choice of key parameters are given. Nuclear energy makes a significant contribution to the total electricity in canada.
Chapter 2 genealogy of candu reactors prepared by dr. The gentilly2 candu 6 reactor is owned and operated by hydroquebec. No control rods are required, therefore, control is much easier than other types. In a nuclear reactor, the heat is the product of nuclear fission. The candu reactor core is a horizontal cylinder known as a calandria. Pressurized heavy water reactors, candu reactors, reactor core, fuel elements. Its construction began in 1974, it went into service in 1983, and was safely shut down in 2012. Nuclear reactor, any of a class of devices that can initiate and control a selfsustaining series of nuclear fission s. Candu heavy water reactors use natural uranium, of which 0. The heat transport system hts circulates the coolant through the reactor to remove the heat of fission from the fuel. The candu canada deuterium uranium reactor is a pressurized heavy water reactor of canadian design. Pressurized heavy water d2o coolant is circulated through the fuel channels and steam generators in a closed circuit. Some of the design features and unique characteristics of the candu reactor are.
The pressurized heavy water phw cooled version was the first type to be developed and is by far the most widely used. The research and prototype reactors leading to the candu design are described with some of their principle technical parameters. Atomic energy of canada, limited aecl and its subsidiary in the us, are considering submitting the candu 3 design for standard design certification under 10 cfr part 52. The candu allows more local input in nations that do not have the capability to cast a pressure vessel.
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